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William Beetham (25 July 1809 – 3 August 1888) was an English portrait painter and particularly prominent in New Zealand.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=BEETHAM, William RA 1809–1888 )〕 Beetham exhibited his paintings at the Royal Academy of Arts London (1834–53) and painted at the court of the Tsar in Saint Petersburg.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Rough start for majestic house )〕 He had a society clientele and received commissions to paint portraits of aristocrats and national leaders, including important Māori Rangatira chiefs. Beetham's paintings are in the permanent collection of the National Portrait Gallery, London 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=William Beetham Portraits - National Portrait Gallery, London )〕 and Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa in Wellington.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Painting: Dr. Featherston and the Maori Chiefs, Wi Tako and Te Puni )〕 He was a founder of the New Zealand Academy of Fine Arts in 1882.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=History of the Academy - New Zealand Academy of Fine Arts )〕 Mezzotint prints of Beetham's drawings are in the permanent collection of the Science Museum, London 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=William Beetham Mezzotint - Science Museum, London )〕 Beetham's paintings and drawings have sold at Bonhams auction house.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=William Beetham Mezzotint - Bonhams Auction House, )〕 ==Biography== William Beetham R.A. was born in Doncaster, South Yorkshire, England and started his career painting scenes of his home town.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Close to Home: William Beetham Portraits - Aratoi – Wairarapa Museum of Art and History )〕 His grandfather Joshua Beetham established 'Beetham Wine and Spirits' merchants which lasted for many generations.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=GENUKI: Doncaster Directory of Trades and Professions for 1829 )〕 William established his reputation as a society portraitist, firstly in England by painting oil on canvas portraits of noble dignitary such as the Reverend Nathaniel Bond〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Bond family at Creech Grange )〕 and the former Prime Minister F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich (1843). He exhibited frequently at the Royal Academy Of Art, London and travelled overseas to paint at the Court of the Tsar in St. Petersburg. His decision to emigrate to New Zealand in 1855 was motivated by the improved financial opportunities in the colonies and a desire to settle his large family of seven sons and three daughters on pastoral land. Beetham was among the first European pakeha settlers in New Zealand's early colonial history, arriving aboard the ''William and Jane'' Steamship at Port Nicholson, Wellington harbour on 1 December 1855.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=William Beetham - National Library of New Zealand )〕 He settled at Te Mako, Taita in the Hutt Valley in 1860 after taking over a lease of land from Māori Chief Wiremu Tako Ngatata of Te Ātiawa, Ngāti Ruanui and Taranaki iwi, who was the most influential Māori chief in Wellington at that time and lived nearby at Naenae. The land was owned by Alexander Currie, chairman of the directors of the New Zealand Company.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Te Puni Honiana - Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand )〕 After Wi Tako relinquished the lease of Te Mako in 1860, Beetham agreed to have entrusted in his care a nationally significant Māori pātaka store house ''Nuku Tewhatewha'' that Chief Wi Tako had commissioned in 1856 to be carved by Horonuku Te Heu Heu of Ngāti Tūwharetoa.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Nuku Tewhatewha - Māori pātaka )〕 This taonga is an important Māori carving and a symbol of solidarity and support to the Māori King movement Kingitanga. It formed one of the seven "Pillars of the Kingdom" (Nga Pou o te Kingitanga) and is the only one to have survived. After 122 years of care the Beetham family decided to return the pātaka to the City of Lower Hutt and it is now permanently housed at the Dowse Art Museum.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=William Beetham pātaka- Dowse Art Museum )〕 Beetham eventually purchased the Te Mako land in 1876. In 1856 Beetham also purchased a leasehold for land at Wainuioru in the Wairarapa for his sons, which by 1857 they had developed into the Brancepeth Estate.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=William Beetham Brancepeth- In the Boars path: Book )〕 After the marriage of his eldest daughter Annie Beetham to T.C. Williams in 1858, Brancepeth was rapidly expanded and run by the Beetham-Williams family partnership to become one of the largest pastorals stations in New Zealand with 77,000 acres, 100,000 sheep and a 32 room homestead (10,000 sq ft) of Scottish baronial styled design with battlemented tower.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Brancepeth - NZHistory, New Zealand history online )〕 Designed by the architect Joshua Charlesworth, Heritage New Zealand has listed Brancepeth as a Category 1 site.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Masterton Library - Brancepeth )〕 Brancepeth was used as a location for Board meetings of the International Wool Secretariat in 1964 and also visited by H.R.H. Charles, Prince of Wales when he wanted to observe an exemplary sheep station in New Zealand. Brancepeth also welcomed the BBC and Robin Day (broadcaster) to film farming in NZ for the British public.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=They Came To Wydrop: Book - Beetham & Williams Family )〕 Beetham remained in the Hutt Valley where he farmed a small holding, though painting remained his private and public priority. Beetham's first commission to paint Māori came within a month of his arrival to NZ when Tamihana Te Rauparaha requested a posthumous portrait of his father. Beetham's portraits of Māori preceded those of C. F. Goldie and Gottfried Lindauer and many commissions followed with the Māori noting Beetham’s accurate painting of the Tā moko. In 1882 Beetham founded the New Zealand Academy of Fine Arts in Wellington and as chair of the Association he formed the objective to promote and encourage fine arts in New Zealand.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=History of New Zealand Academy Of Fine Arts )〕 He also served as President of the Academy. The first major survey of Beetham’s work was presented by the Wairarapa Arts Centre in 1973. It was another 40 years before the most significant exhibition of Beetham's work to date was titled ''Te Rū Movers & Shakers; Early New Zealand Portraits by William Beetham'' curated by art historian Jane Vial and exhibited at the New Zealand Portrait Gallery in the capital city of Wellington in 2013 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=New Zealand Portrait Gallery - William Beetham Te Rū Movers & Shakers Exhibition )〕 followed by a smaller spin-off exhibition titled ''Close to Home - William Beetham Portraits'' at Aratoi - Wairarapa Museum of Art and History in Masterton.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Aratoi - Wairarapa Museum of Art and History - William Beetham Close To Home Exhibition )〕 The Te Rū exhibition included items from both private and public collections and showcased notable portraits of Chief Wi Tako and of his daughter, which had not previously been seen publicly.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Radio NZ - William Beetham Exhibition )〕 Te Āti Awa gifted the Te Rū piece of the exhibition title. Most of the Māori sitters in Beetham's portraits are pictured in formal European dress as many of the younger chiefs had grown up among pakeha and adopted their European dress and hairstyles. Beetham rarely dated or signed his portraits, which was a common practise amongst portrait artists of his era. Beetham’s portraits were popular among Māori and pakeha alike, and his paintings of social groups, urban and rural leaders, children and family groups, provide a fascinating light on social as well as political interactions of the day and the early settlement history of the wider Wellington region. Set during the aftermath of the New Zealand Company and the early provincial era, Beetham's portrait paintings featured the eminent movers of the day, such as the son of Edward Gibbon Wakefield and William Mein Smith the Surveyor General of the New Zealand Company. Beetham also painted the portrait of Archdeacon Henry Williams (missionary) who translated the Treaty of Waitangi for the British Crown into Te Reo Māori language. Henry's son T.C. Williams was married to Beetham's own daughter Anne.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Victoria University of Wellington Library - Mr. Thomas C. Williams )〕 The controversy and implications surrounding the sale of Wellington land between the Māori and the early European settlers is captured in Beetham's nationally significant painting ''Dr. Featherston and the Maori Chiefs, Wi Tako and Te Puni (1857–58)''. This features the portraits of Dr. Isaac Featherston and the Māori Rangatira Chiefs Wi Tako Ngatata and Honiana Te Puni and is housed in the permanent collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa in Wellington.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=William Beetham painting: Dr. Featherston and the Maori Chiefs, Wi Tako and Te Puni )〕 Beetham painted little after the late 1860s, after which he turned to poetry and to establishing a more secure future for the arts in his adopted country.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Beetham, William - NZ Artist )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「William Beetham」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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